Antioxidants,the acia berry and Rio Vida for the immune system
CLICK HERE FOR PRODUCT INFORMATION Antioxidants : An antioxidant is a molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons from a substance to an oxidizing agent. Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals, which start chain reactions that damage cells. Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions by being oxidized themselves. As a result, antioxidants are often reducing agents such as thiols or polyphenols.
Although oxidation reactions are crucial for life, they can also be damaging; hence, plants and animals maintain complex systems of multiple types of antioxidants, such as glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E as well as enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase and various peroxidases. Low levels of antioxidants, or inhibition of the antioxidant enzymes, causes oxidative stress and may damage or kill cells. As oxidative stress might be an important part of many human diseases, the use of antioxidants in pharmacology is intensively studied, particularly as treatments for stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. However, it is unknown whether oxidative stress is the cause or the consequence of disease. Antioxidants are also widely used as ingredients in dietary supplements in the hope of maintaining health and preventing diseases such as cancer and coronary heart disease. Although some studies have suggested antioxidant supplements have health benefits, other large clinical trials did not detect any benefit for the formulations tested, and excess supplementation may occasionally be harmful. In addition to these uses in medicine, antioxidants have many industrial uses, such as preservatives in food and cosmetics and preventing the degradation of rubber and gasoline.
Vitamins
Vitamin A (Retinol), also synthesized by the body from beta-carotene, protects dark green, yellow and orange vegetables and fruits from solar radiation damage, and is thought to play a similar role in the human body. Carrots, squash, broccoli, sweet potatoes, tomatoes (which gain their color from the compound lycopene), kale, seabuckthorn, collards, cantaloupe, peaches and apricots are particularly rich sources of beta-carotene. Vitamin C
(Ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble compound that fulfills several roles in living systems. Important sources include citrus fruits (such as oranges, sweet lime, etc.), green peppers, broccoli, green leafy vegetables, black currants, strawberries, blueberries, seabuckthorn, raw cabbage and tomatoes. Linus Pauling was a major advocate for its use. Vitamin E, including Tocotrienol and Tocopherol, is fat soluble and protects lipids. Sources include wheat germ, seabuckthorn, nuts, seeds, whole grains, green leafy vegetables, vegetable oil, and fish-liver oil. Alfa-Tocoferol is the main form in which Vitamin-E is consumed. Recent studies showed that some tocotrienol isomers have significant anti-oxidant properties. Vitamin cofactors and minerals Coenzyme Q10 Manganese, particularly when in its +2 valence state as part of the enzyme called superoxide dismutase (SOD). Hormones Melatonin Carotenoid terpenoids Lycopene - found in high concentration in ripe red tomatoes. Lutein - found in high concentration in spinach and red peppers. Alpha-carotene Beta-carotene - found in high concentrations in butternut squash, carrots, orange bell peppers, pumpkins, and sweet potatoes. Zeaxanthin - the main pigment found in yellow corn. Astaxanthin - found naturally in red algae and animals higher in the marine food chain. It is a red pigment familiarly recognized in crustacean shells and salmon flesh/roe. Canthaxanthin Flavonoid polyphenolics Flavonoids, a subset of polyphenol antioxidants, are present in many berries, as well as in coffee and tea. Flavones: Luteolin Apigenin Tangeritin Flavonols: Quercetin and related, such as rutin Kaempferol Myricetin - walnuts are a rich source Isorhamnetin Proanthocyanidins, or condensed tannins Flavanones: Hesperetin (metabolizes to hesperidin) Naringenin (metabolized from naringin) Eriodictyol Flavanols and their polymers: Catechin, Gallocatechin and their coresponding gallate esters Epicatechin, Epigallocatechin and their coresponding gallate esters Theaflavin its gallate esters Thearubigins Isoflavone phytoestrogens - found primarily in soy, peanuts, and other members of the Fabaceae family. Genistein Daidzein Glycitein Stilbenoids: Resveratrol - found in the skins of dark-colored grapes, and concentrated in red wine. Pterostilbene - methoxylated analogue of resveratrol, abundant in Vaccinium berries Anthocyanins Cyanidin Delphinidin Malvidin Pelargonidin Peonidin Petunidin
Phenolic acids and their esters See main article: Polyphenol antioxidant Ellagic acid - found in high concentration in raspberry and strawberry, and in ester form in red wine tannins. Gallic acid - found in gallnuts, sumac, witch hazel, tea leaves, oak bark, and many other plants. Salicylic acid - found in most vegetables, fruits, and herbs; but most abundantly in the bark of willow trees, from where it was extracted for use in the early manufacture of aspirin. Rosmarinic acid - found in high concentration in rosemary, oregano, lemon balm, sage, and marjoram. Cinnamic acid and its derivatives, such as ferulic acid - found in seeds of plants such as in brown rice, whole wheat and oats, as well as in coffee, apple, artichoke, peanut, orange and pineapple. Chlorogenic acid - found in high concentration in coffee (more concentrated in robusta than arabica beans), blueberries and tomatoes. Produced from esterification of caffeic acid. Chicoric acid - another caffeic acid derivative, is found only in the popular medicinal herb Echinacea purpurea. Gallotannins - hydrolyzable tannin polymer formed when gallic acid, a polyphenol monomer, esterifies and binds with the hydroxyl group of a polyol carbohydrate such as glucose. Ellagitannins - hydrolyzable tannin polymer formed when ellagic acid, a polyphenol monomer, esterifies and binds with the hydroxyl group of a polyol carbohydrate such as glucose. Other nonflavonoid phenolics Curcumin Xanthones Silymarin - mixture of flavonolignans extracted from milk thistle. Eugenol Other organic antioxidants Citric acid, oxalic acid, and phytic acid Lignan - antioxidant and phytoestrogen found in oats, flax seeds, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, rye, soybeans, broccoli, beans, and some berries. Bilirubin, a breakdown product of blood, has been identified as a possibly significant antioxidant. Uric acid In humans accounts for roughly half the antioxidant ability of plasme. R-á-Lipoic acid - fat and water soluble N-Acetylcysteine - water soluble 
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